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SpeciesArtiodactylaBovidae
Mammals

🐂Aurochs

Bos primigenius Bojanus, 1827

نیاگاو یا اروخص (به انگلیسی: aurochs) (نام علمی: Bos primigenius) نام یک گونه از زیرخانواده گاویان است. این حیوان جد گاو اهلی بود و در اروپا، آسیا و شمال آفریقا زندگی می‌کرد. آخرین گزارش از مشاهده نیاگاو در سال ۱۶۲۷ در لهستان اتفاق افتاد. این گاو وحشی جثه بسیار بزرگتری از گاوهای اهلی امروزین داشت و اهلی شدن آن‌ها حدود هزاره ششم پیش از میلاد در ایران، شمال سوریه، شمال بین‌النهرین و قفقاز جنوبی اتفاق افتاد. شواهدی وجود دارد که آن‌ها به‌طور جداگانه در هند و شمال آفریقا هم اهلی شدند. بوم‌شناسان در تلاشند تا نژاد منقرض شدهٔ نیاگاو را احیا کنند. نیاکان انسان‌ها، نقش این گاو وحشی را بر دیوارهٔ غارها حک کرده‌اند. این گاوهای اولیه عظیم الجثه بودند و شاخ‌های بسیار خطرناکی داشتند که شکارچیان را وحشت‌زده می‌کرد. نیاگاو یک حیوان وحشی، خصمانه و بزرگ است. اندازه آن بیش از اندازه گاو اهلی است. ارتفاع آن حدود ۱٫۷۵ متر، وزن آن حدود ۱۰۰۰ کیلوگرم و طول آن بین ۱٫۷ و ۱٫۹ متر است.

Text: Wikipedia, CC BY-SA 4.0.

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Measurements
13
vs you
≈ 10× your weight
Conservation status
EXExtinct

IUCN Red List assessment, 2023.

Key measurements
Body mass
619 kg
Body length
3.1 m
Shoulder height
1.6 m
Top speed
not recorded
Bite force
not recorded
Maximum lifespan
20 years
All measurements ↓
EX

This animal is extinct

Assessed Extinct on the IUCN Red List, 2023. Everything on this page — the measurements, the photos, the videos — is a record of an animal that is gone.

Facts and figures

Everything we know about the Aurochs

Typical adult figures. Where a value is an estimate rather than a measurement, it says so.

Body mass
619 kg
COMBINE
Details ↓

Source: COMBINE · v1 (Soria et al. 2021) · CC BY 4.0

Body length
3.1 m
COMBINE
Details ↓

Source: COMBINE · v1 (Soria et al. 2021) · CC BY 4.0

Shoulder height
1.6 maverage
Other figures ↓

Species-level value synthesised as the mean of: both.

By sex

  • Both1.6 mvan Vuure 2002, 'History, morphology and ecology of the aurochs (Bos primigenius)', Lutra 45(1):1-16, https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/document?doi=7cd5da765261db6b99ce44361fa8078ec7951c42&repid=rep1&type=pdf"...a plausible shoulder height of 160-180 cm in the aurochs bull and ca. 150 cm in the cow result." Paper's summary table gives withers height 170 cm on average (bulls) and 150 cm (cows). Value = midpoint of sex averages; low = cow average, high = bull maximum. Subfossil reconstruction (Matolcsi conversion factors; mounted-skeleton checks after Degerbol & Fredskild 1970), as the brief allows.
Brain mass
453 g
COMBINE
Details ↓

Source: COMBINE · v1 (Soria et al. 2021) · CC BY 4.0

Maximum lifespan
20 years
COMBINE
Details ↓

Source: COMBINE · v1 (Soria et al. 2021) · CC BY 4.0

Generation length
8.2 yearsestimated
COMBINE
Details ↓

Source: COMBINE · v1 (Soria et al. 2021) · CC BY 4.0

Age at maturity
2.1 years
COMBINE
Details ↓

Source: COMBINE · v1 (Soria et al. 2021) · CC BY 4.0

Gestation
277 days
COMBINE
Details ↓

Source: COMBINE · v1 (Soria et al. 2021) · CC BY 4.0

Litter size
1
COMBINE
Details ↓

Source: COMBINE · v1 (Soria et al. 2021) · CC BY 4.0

Trophic level
Herbivore
COMBINE
Details ↓

Source: COMBINE · v1 (Soria et al. 2021) · CC BY 4.0

Activity cycle
Diurnal
COMBINE
Details ↓

Source: COMBINE · v1 (Soria et al. 2021) · CC BY 4.0

Home range
10 km²
COMBINE
Details ↓

Source: COMBINE · v1 (Soria et al. 2021) · CC BY 4.0

Volume l
619 Laverage
Details ↓

Body mass at ~1.0 kg/L, the density of vertebrate tissue.

estimated = a model's estimate for a species nobody has measured; average = a mean across sexes or species in a group.

Not recorded for Aurochs yet: top speed, bite force.

Where it sits

Family tree

  1. kingdomAnimalia
  2. ›phylumChordata
  3. ›classMammalia
  4. ›orderArtiodactyla
  5. ›familyBovidae
  6. ›genusBos
  7. ›speciesBos taurus
Full lineage
  1. classMammals · Mammalia
  2. orderEven-toed hoofed animals · Artiodactyla
  3. familyBovidae
  4. subfamilyBovinae
All 15 branches ↓
  1. kingdomMetazoa
  2. phylumChordata
  3. subphylumCraniata
  4. subphylumVertebrata
  5. superclassGnathostomata
  6. superclassSarcopterygii
  7. superclassTetrapoda
  8. classMammals · Mammalia
  9. subclassTheria
  10. superorderLaurasiatheria
  11. orderEven-toed hoofed animals · Artiodactyla
  12. suborderRuminantia
  13. infraorderPecora
  14. familyBovidae
  15. subfamilyBovinae
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More about the Aurochs

Closest relative on this site
🐄 Cow — last shared an ancestor ≈ 0.3 million years ago.
What it eats
leaves, roots and other plants100%
In other languages
Ur (de), tur (pl), Bos primigenius (es), aurochs (fr), أرخص (ar), pratur (cs) … and 27 more languages
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Tree of life

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