🦛Hippopotamus
河馬（學名：Hippopotamus amphibius）是偶蹄目、河马科下的一种大型植食性半水生哺乳动物，河馬屬的唯一現生種，产自撒哈拉以南非洲，栖息于热带草原地区的河湖池沼。河马儘管外形似豬，但实际与鯨豚類的亲缘关系更近。在现存的非海洋動物中，河马的平均体型僅次於3种大象、白犀和印度犀，也是除鲸类以外現存最大的偶蹄目。雄性的成年平均体重約1.5吨，雌性約1.3吨。看似身躯笨重，但能以每小时30千米的速度進行衝刺。 河马的躯干肥圆呈桶状，除吻部、尾、耳有稀疏的毛外，全身皮肤裸露，呈深灰色与肉红色相间；表皮厚而光滑；尾短小；四肢粗短，每足4趾；头硕大；耳较小，立于头顶；嘴和牙齿极大，尤其是下颚的一对犬齿，长度可达30厘米。 常由十余头组成群体，有时也能结成上百头的大群。几乎整个白昼都在水中度过，夜间上岸吃草。妊娠期约8个月，每胎1崽，哺乳期1年；雌性和雄性的性成熟年龄分别在4－6岁和7.5岁左右；自然寿命30－40年。 河馬的主要生存威脅是棲息地的喪失，同时人类会为了牟取河马的肉與犬齿而獵殺牠們。现为濒危野生动植物种国际贸易公约附录II所列的保护动物。
Text: Wikipedia, CC BY-SA 4.0.
IUCN Red List assessment, 2017.
- Body mass
- 2,640 kg
- Body length
- 5.05 m
- Shoulder height
- 1.47 m
- Top speed
- 24 km/h
- Bite force
- not recorded
- Maximum lifespan
- 61 years
Everything we know about the Hippopotamus
Typical adult figures. Where a value is an estimate rather than a measurement, it says so.
Body mass2,640 kgCOMBINEOther figures ↓Hide ↑
Source: COMBINE · v1 (Soria et al. 2021) · CC BY 4.0
Figures vary
- 3,750 kgAnAgeAnAge build 15, 2023-07-03 (HAGR)data quality: acceptable
Body length5.05 mCOMBINEDetails ↓Hide ↑
Source: COMBINE · v1 (Soria et al. 2021) · CC BY 4.0
Shoulder height1.47 maverage1.44–1.5 m · range across sexesOther figures ↓Hide ↑
Species-level value synthesised as the mean of: female, male.
By sex
- Male1.5 mKlingel 2013, Mammals of Africa VIHeight at the shoulder.
- Female1.44 mKlingel 2013, Mammals of Africa VIHeight at the shoulder.
Top speed24 km/hDetails ↓Hide ↑
Sprint over a short distance, not a sustained pace. On land. Compilations give 24.36 and 25.0 km/h, but no hippo has ever been properly timed; these trace back to Garland's 1983 table.
Source: Bejan & Marden 2006, J Exp Biol 209:238 and Christiansen 2002, Zool J Linn Soc 136:685; compiled in Hirt et al. 2017, Nat Ecol Evol 1:1116, Supplementary Data · see citation
Brain mass631 gCOMBINEDetails ↓Hide ↑
Source: COMBINE · v1 (Soria et al. 2021) · CC BY 4.0
Maximum lifespan61 yearsCOMBINEOther figures ↓Hide ↑
Source: COMBINE · v1 (Soria et al. 2021) · CC BY 4.0
Figures vary
- 61 yearsAnAgeAnAge build 15, 2023-07-03 (HAGR)data quality: acceptable
Generation length9.99 yearsCOMBINEDetails ↓Hide ↑
Source: COMBINE · v1 (Soria et al. 2021) · CC BY 4.0
Age at maturity5.6 yearsCOMBINEDetails ↓Hide ↑
Source: COMBINE · v1 (Soria et al. 2021) · CC BY 4.0
Gestation235 daysCOMBINEOther figures ↓Hide ↑
Source: COMBINE · v1 (Soria et al. 2021) · CC BY 4.0
Figures vary
- 234 daysAnAgeAnAge build 15, 2023-07-03 (HAGR)data quality: acceptable
Litter size1COMBINEOther figures ↓Hide ↑
Source: COMBINE · v1 (Soria et al. 2021) · CC BY 4.0
Figures vary
- 1AnAgeAnAge build 15, 2023-07-03 (HAGR)data quality: acceptable
Trophic levelHerbivoreCOMBINEDetails ↓Hide ↑
Source: COMBINE · v1 (Soria et al. 2021) · CC BY 4.0
Activity cycleNocturnalCOMBINEDetails ↓Hide ↑
Source: COMBINE · v1 (Soria et al. 2021) · CC BY 4.0
Population density4.76 per km²COMBINEDetails ↓Hide ↑
Source: COMBINE · v1 (Soria et al. 2021) · CC BY 4.0
Volume l2,640 LaverageDetails ↓Hide ↑
Body mass at ~1.0 kg/L, the density of vertebrate tissue.
average = a mean across sexes or species in a group.
Not recorded for Hippopotamus yet: bite force.
Family tree
- kingdomAnimalia
- ›phylumChordata
- ›classMammalia
- ›orderArtiodactyla
- ›familyHippopotamidae
- ›genusHippopotamus
- ›speciesHippopotamus amphibius
- classMammals · Mammalia
- orderEven-toed hoofed animals · Artiodactyla
- familyHippopotamidae
- genusHippopotamus
All 15 branches ↓Fewer branches ↑
- kingdomMetazoa
- phylumChordata
- subphylumCraniata
- subphylumVertebrata
- superclassGnathostomata
- superclassSarcopterygii
- superclassTetrapoda
- classMammals · Mammalia
- subclassTheria
- superorderLaurasiatheria
- orderEven-toed hoofed animals · Artiodactyla
- suborderWhippomorpha
- infraorderAncodonta
- familyHippopotamidae
- genusHippopotamus
More about the Hippopotamus
镜头下的动物
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